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Infectious diseases prevalent in humans and animals are caused by pathogens that once emerged from other animal hosts. In addition to these established infections, new infectious diseases periodically emerge.
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In extreme cases they may cause pandemics such as COVID-19; in other cases, dead end infections or smaller epidemics result.
Established diseases may also re-emerge, for example by extending geographically or by becoming more transmissible or more pathogenic.
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Disease emergence reflects dynamic balances and imbalances, within complex globally-distributed ecosystems comprised of humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment.
Understanding these variables is a necessary step in controlling future devastating disease emergences.
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